OpenCV optimization using OpenCL

OpenCL is the default option.

If you see the message below while running CMake, you can use OpenCL. (See OpenCV installation.)

...
--
--   OpenCL:                        YES (no extra features)
--     Include path:                /home/odroid/opencv/3rdparty/include/opencl/1.2
--     Link libraries:              Dynamic load
--
...

If not, add -DWITH_OPENCL=ON option when executing CMake as shown below.

$ cmake ..\
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
    -DOPENCV_GENERATE_PKGCONFIG=ON \
    -DBUILD_PERF_TESTS=OFF \
    -DOPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=$HOME/opencv_contrib/modules \
    -DWITH_OPENCL=ON

In general, the path to the OpenCL library is

ARM-32bit : /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libOpenCL.so
ARM-64bit : /usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libOpenCL.so

If you have the library in this location, it is automatically linked.

If not, install mali-fbdev and find libOpenCL or libMali and make a symbolic-link to the above path.

$ sudo apt install -y mali-fbdev &&\
  sudo find / -name "libOpenCL*" -o -name "libMali*"
[a found path]
...

$ sudo ln -s [the found path] [the above path]

Install clinfo to easily check the platform information.

$ sudo apt install -y clinfo ocl-icd-libopencl1 &&\
  sudo mkdir -p /etc/OpenCL/vendors &&\
  sudo touch /etc/OpenCL/vendors/mali.icd

Add the path you saw in the Link section to mali.icd

clinfo reads .icd file and prints platform information.

$ clinfo
Number of platforms           1
  Platform Name               ARM Platform
  Platform Vendor             ARM
  Platform Version            OpenCL 1.2 v1.r17p0-01rel0.a881d28363cdb20f0017ed13c980967e
  Platform Profile            FULL_PROFILE
...

Before you use OpenCL to optimize OpenCV, it's good to know the OpenCL programming sequence.

Write kernels.
Get cl_platform_ids.
Select a cl_platform_id and get cl_device_ids in the platform.
Select a cl_device_id and create a cl_context.
Create a cl_command_queue.
Create a cl_program using a kernel.
Build the cl_program.
Create a cl_kernel from the cl_program.
Create cl_mems(buffer).
==================loop==================
Set kernel arguments.
Enqueue the kernel.
Wait until it finish.
Get kernel arguments(return value)
…

Hardware: Odroid-XU4
OS: Ubuntu minimal 18.04
OpenCV: 4.1.0
OpenCL: 1.2 (full profile)

In general, Computing with OpenCL(GPGPU) is known to be fast. For testing, I executed the Sobel function four times sequentially on the CPU and GPU each. Below is the test code.

CPU

cpu_opencv.cpp

#include "opencv2/opencv.hpp"
#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int64_t start, end;
  float time_sec;
 
  start = getTickCount();
  int img_size = atoi(argv[1]);
  Mat img(Size(img_size, img_size), CV_8UC1, USAGE_ALLOCATE_HOST_MEMORY);
  Mat img_2;
  end = getTickCount();
  time_sec = (end - start) / getTickFrequency();
  cout << time_sec << endl;
 
  start = getTickCount();
  Sobel(img, img_2, -1, 1, 0);
  end = getTickCount();
  time_sec = (end - start) / getTickFrequency();
  cout << time_sec << endl;
 
  start = getTickCount();
  Sobel(img, img_2, -1, 1, 0);
  end = getTickCount();
  time_sec = (end - start) / getTickFrequency();
  cout << time_sec << endl;
 
  start = getTickCount();
  Sobel(img, img_2, -1, 1, 0);
  end = getTickCount();
  time_sec = (end - start) / getTickFrequency();
  cout << time_sec << endl;
 
  start = getTickCount();
  Sobel(img, img_2, -1, 1, 0);
  end = getTickCount();
  time_sec = (end - start) / getTickFrequency();
  cout << time_sec << endl;
 
  img_2.release();
  img.release();
 
  return 0;
}

GPU

mali_opencv.cpp

#include "opencv2/opencv.hpp"
#include "opencv2/core/ocl.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
 
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
    int64_t start, end;
    float   time_sec;
 
    start = getTickCount();
    /**
     * gets default plaform
     * gets device list
     * selects first device
     * creates context
     */
    ocl::Context context;
    if( !context.create( ocl::Device::TYPE_GPU ) )
    {
        cerr << "Failed to create context" << endl;
        return -1;
    }
 
    ocl::setUseOpenCL( true );
 
    int  img_size = atoi( argv[1] );
    UMat u_img( Size( img_size, img_size ), CV_8UC1, USAGE_ALLOCATE_HOST_MEMORY );
    UMat u_img_2;
 
    end      = getTickCount();
    time_sec = ( end - start ) / getTickFrequency();
    cout << time_sec << endl;
 
    start = getTickCount();
    Sobel( u_img, u_img_2, -1, 1, 0 );
    end      = getTickCount();
    time_sec = ( end - start ) / getTickFrequency();
    cout << time_sec << endl;
    u_img_2.release();
 
    usleep( img_size * 100 );
 
    start = getTickCount();
    Sobel( u_img, u_img_2, -1, 1, 0 );
    end      = getTickCount();
    time_sec = ( end - start ) / getTickFrequency();
    cout << time_sec << endl;
    u_img_2.release();
 
    usleep( img_size * 100 );
 
    start = getTickCount();
    Sobel( u_img, u_img_2, -1, 1, 0 );
    end      = getTickCount();
    time_sec = ( end - start ) / getTickFrequency();
    cout << time_sec << endl;
    u_img_2.release();
 
    usleep( img_size * 100 );
 
    start = getTickCount();
    Sobel( u_img, u_img_2, -1, 1, 0 );
    end      = getTickCount();
    time_sec = ( end - start ) / getTickFrequency();
    cout << time_sec << endl;
    u_img_2.release();
 
    u_img.release();
 
    return 0;
}

Total running time

Total running time seems to be depending on the matrix size. I checked the individual running time for further analysis.

Individual running time

When computing in the CPU, the running time depends on the matrix size.

When in the GPU, There were interesting aspects.

the 1st execution with the matrix size under 3000×3000.
the 3rd and 4th execution with the matrix size over 5000×5000.

When using the matrix whose size is between 1000×1000 and 3000×3000, after the first execution, Computing in the GPU is faster than in the CPU.

The y-axis represents the sequence of function calls from top to bottom.
Because building a program and creating a kernel, the first execution consumes more time than the other executions. (see the Simple OpenCL programming sequence section)

The larger the matrix size, the more the cv::ocl::OpenCLAllocator::allocate() time consumption increases.

Computing in the GPU is much faster than in the CPU. But setup time and memory allocating time are so long.

For optimization

When a matrix size is large enough, GPU is faster.
When calling a function repeatedly, GPU is faster even if the matrix size is not large enough.
If a function using the CPU is between functions using the GPU, change from CPU to GPU.
If you tested your application in X window, You should turn off X window or use console boot mode when you use it.
If you need more optimization, use OpenCL directly without OpenCV.

Mali GPU is different from ordinary desktop GPU. Especially the Memory model is different.
If you need more optimization, you should read ARM® Mali™ GPU OpenCL Developer Guide.

OpenCV optimization using OpenCL

CMake

Link

Information

Simple OpenCL programming sequence

CPU vs. GPU

Test code

CPU

GPU

Test result and Analysis

Total running time

Individual running time

Conclusion

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